局部麻醉药经聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物缓释给药的研究

背景 临床常用局部麻醉药物的体内生物半衰期短,且局部组织的高药物浓度极易产生中枢神经和心血管毒性反应. 目的 综述局部麻醉药聚乳酸羟基乙酸共聚物[poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid),PLGA]缓释给药系统的研究进展. 内容 阐述PLGA相关研究,局部麻醉药PLGA微粒的类型与制备工艺,PLGA在不同动物实验模型的研究结果,临床研究进展及存在的缺陷和改进等四方面的相关内容. 趋向 局部麻醉药缓释系统的研究能够为临床提供更好的镇痛药物和麻醉方式,但是在载药量、生产工艺等方面还有待改进.     

Effect of highly purified capsaicin on articular cartilage and rotator cuff tendon healing: An in vivo rabbit study

Highly purified capsaicin has emerged as a promising injectable compound capable of providing sustained pain relief following a single localized treatment during orthopedic surgical procedures. To further assess its reliability for clinical use, the potential effect of highly purified capsaicin on articular cartilage metabolism as well as tendon structure and function warrants clarification. In the current study, rabbits received unilateral supraspinatus transection and repair with a single 1 ml injection of capsaicin (R + C), PEG‐only placebo (R + P), or saline (R + S) into the glenohumeral joint (GHJ). An additional group received 1 ml capsaicin onto an intact rotator cuff (I + C). At 18 weeks post‐op, cartilage proteoglycan (PG) synthesis and content as well as cell viability were similar (p > 0.05) across treatment groups. Biomechanical testing revealed no differences (p > 0.05) among tendon repair treatment groups. Similarly, histologic features of both cartilage and repaired tendons showed minimal differences across groups. Hence, in this rabbit model, a single injection of highly purified capsaicin into the GHJ does not induce a deleterious response with regard to cartilage matrix metabolism and cell viability, or rotator cuff healing. These data provide further evidence supporting the use of injectable, highly purified capsaicin as a safe alternative for management of postoperative pain following GHJ surgery. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:1854–1860, 2015.     

肺移植研究现状及移植期的规范化管理

肺移植是终末期肺疾病患者唯一的治疗手段,该领域也是目前国际范围内的研究热点。相关研究既促进了肺移植的进步与发展,也改善了移植后患者的生活质量。随着肺移植技术的发展,适应人群相关指南不断修订,供体肺来源也一直是所有移植中心亟待解决的问题。移植期的规范化管理涉及麻醉诱导、术中液体管理、气道管理、重要步骤的处理及术后疼痛管理等方面。体外生命支持(ECLS)包括体外循环(CPB)及体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)。随着ECLS技术的发展,ECMO作为肺移植桥梁在术中及术后循环支持中的优更加突出,帮助受体患者顺利度过肺移植窗口期。虽然肺移植在基础科学和临床研究方面都有许多进展,但要提高移植后的生存率,还须克服包括如何成功完成肺移植、扩大肺供体库、诱导耐受、预防移植后并发症、原发性移植物功能障碍(PGD)、细胞和抗体介导的排斥反应以及感染等在内的诸多问题。     

Volatiles or TIVA: Which is the standard of care for pediatric airway procedures? A pro‐con discussion

Anesthesia for pediatric airway procedures constitutes a true art form that requires training and experience. Communication between anesthetist and surgeon to establish procedure goals is essential in determining the most appropriate anesthetic management. But does the mode of anesthesia have an impact? Traditionally, inhalational anesthesia was the most common anesthesia technique used during airway surgery. Introduction of agents used for total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) such as propofol, short‐acting opioids, midazolam, and dexmedetomidine has driven change in practice. Ongoing debates abound as to the advantages and disadvantages of volatile‐based anesthesia versus TIVA. This pro‐con discussion examines both volatiles and TIVA, from the perspective of effectiveness, safety, cost, and environmental impact, in an endeavor to justify which technique is the best specifically for pediatric airway procedures.     

How do I do it: Continuous local anesthetic infusion for children with spinal dysraphism undergoing major reconstruction of the lower urinary tract

Postoperative pain control is a fundamental aspect of contemporary pediatric surgery. While many options for analgesia are available to the general patient population, choices are limited for individuals with spinal dysraphism who undergo major urologic procedures. Continuous infusion of local anesthetics has been shown to improve postoperative pain scores and decreases the need for systemic analgesia. We present our technique for continuous local anesthetic infusion utilizing readily available equipment with limited additional cost.     

女性哮喘患者吸入糖皮质激素对骨代谢的影响

目的 :了解女性哮喘患者长期吸入糖皮质激素是否有引起骨质丢失的可能及其与吸入激素剂量的关系。方法 :采用双能X线骨密度仪 (DXA)分别测定了 14例每日坚持吸入GC大于等于 5月的女性哮喘患者和 14例与之配对的未使用GC的哮喘患者的脊椎骨 (L2 -L4 )、股骨颈、股骨粗隆、股骨三角及股骨总量的骨密度 (BMD) ,同时用放免法等测定这些患者的血骨钙素 (BGP)以及碱性磷酸酶 (AKP)等指标 ,进行对比分析。结果 :吸入GC≥ 5月的哮喘患者组与对照组两组病人的脊椎骨 (L2 -L4 )、股骨颈、股骨粗隆、股骨三角及股骨总量的绝对BMD和相对BMD(与同年龄、性别相应正常值的百分比 )以及T评分之间的比较、以及血BGP、AKP等各指标之间的比较无显著差异。吸入组患者 5处绝对骨密度值与其相应日均吸入GC量之间未呈现明显的相关性 ,P均 >0 0 5。吸入组脊椎骨、股骨粗隆及股骨总量 3处绝对骨密度值与其GC累积量之间也未呈现明显的相关性 ,P均 >0 0 5。但吸入组股骨颈和股骨三角的绝对骨密度值与GC累积量之间似有某些负相关 ,P <0 0 5。吸入组骨密度有 3人 6处T评分≤ -2 5 ,对照组仅有 1处T评分≤ -2 5。吸入组股骨三角处的绝对骨密度值与其年龄之间似有负相关 ,P <0 0 5 ,而对照组 5处绝对骨密度值与其年龄之间未呈现明     

EEG predicts movement response to surgical stimuli during general anesthesia with combinations of isoflurane, 70% N2O,and fentanyl

Objective. Our objective was to evaluate the performance of the EEG as an indicator of anesthetic depth by measuring EEG prediction of movement response to surgical stimuli.Methods. While using 5 different combinations of isoflurane, 70% N₂O, and fentanyl, we measured the EEG of 246 patients during pelvic laparoscopy and observed their movement responses to opening stimuli (defined as skin incision, CO₂ needle insertion, or trocar insertion) and also to closing stimuli (defined as sutures during incision closure). The EEG was expressed asF95, the frequency in hertz below which resides 95% of the power in the EEG frequency spectrum. The relations betweenF95 and movement response were expressed as logistic regression curves.F95-response logistic regression curves, which are analogous to dose-response curves, were calculated for each of the 2 stimuli administered during each of the 5 anesthetic techniques. The prediction of patient responsiveness byF95 was tested using (beta), a measure of the slope of anF95-response logistic curve. The presence of shifts among theF95-response logistic curves was tested using the differences inF95 values between curves. Hypothesis tests used a level of significance ofP = 0.05.Main Results. The slopes of theF95-response logistic regression curves showed a statistically significant ability to predict movement response to stimuli for 9 of the 10 combinations of stimuli and anesthetic techniques. We did not calculate anF95-response logistic curve for the tenth combination because it contained burst suppression, which our EEG analysis method was not designed to process. TheF95-response logistic curves were shifted relative to each other, and the shifts were affected by the type of stimulus and the combination of anesthetic agents. Referenced to opening curves, the mean shift of the closing curves was ± 4.2 ± 0.3 Hz (mean ± SD). With increasing doses of fentanyl, the use of 70% N₂O, or both, the curves shifted to higher values ofF95; the range in shifts was 0.2 to 8.1 Hz. The slope values of theF95-response logistic curves and the shifts among the curves were similar to the values and shifts that might be expected from changes in anesthetic agent doses.Conclusions. The EEG, expressed asF95, predicted movement response to surgical stimuli during combinations of isoflurane, 70% N₂O, and fentanyl. TheF95-response curves shifted upward on the frequency scale for the less intense stimuli and for anesthetic techniques using 70% N₂O, fentanyl, or both.F95 prediction of movement response appeared to be related to anesthetic agent doses. OurF95-response curves may provide helpful guidelines for usingF95 to titrate the administration of anesthetic agents and for assessing the depth of general anesthesia.     

Should we monitor alveolar and inspiratory concentrations of anesthetic and respiratory gases?

One essayist suggests that continuous monitoring of alveolar and inspiratory concentrations of anesthetic and respiratory gases has little or no positive effect on patient outcome and may even be detrimental to patients. Such monitoring, he says, tends to remove anesthesiologists from personal contact with their patients. He recommends careful monitoring of fresh gas concentrations leaving the anesthetic machine, careful monitoring of inspired gas in a circle absorption breathing system, and improved training of anesthesiologists to prevent human error. Another essayist suggests that continuous monitoring of alveolar and inspiratory concentrations of anesthetic and respiratory gases is cost-effective and relatively simple. He says that such monitoring, without being a source of legal problems for its users, improves the quality of patient care.